Chapter 1
The parallel between the legal system and psychological
science
A) is
inappropriate because different kinds of judgments are made.
B) is that both
legal and scientific decisions can be made with certainty.
C) is that the quality and extent of
evidence in each determines the decisions that are made.
D) reflects the
high degree of subjective decision-making that occurs in each.
2 Before
beginning a research project, researchers should search the psychological
literature about their topic
A) in order to develop research hypotheses.
B) to stop the
research if the study or a similar one has already been done.
C) to
demonstrate that no one has had a similar idea.
D) all of the
above.
3 Which of the
following statements about the historical context of psychology is true?
A) The topics
and theoretical perspectives have changed very little over the past 100 years
of psychological research.
B) By investigating a wide array of topics
over time, psychologists have demonstrated the complexity of human behavior.
C) Only a few
key scientists have contributed important findings to the science of
psychology.
D) The
theoretical perspective of behaviorism has dominated the science of psychology
since its inception.
4 One aspect
of the social and cultural context in which scientists work is that
A) society’s acceptance of research
findings can influence how research findings are applied.
B) research
findings are implemented in society without people’s awareness.
C) scientists
have full control over how society’s resources are used to advance science.
D) society has
little to say about the topics investigated by scientists.
5 Ethnocentrism
occurs when
A) researchers
falsify their research findings to benefit a particular group.
B) psychological
research occurs in a historical context.
C) reports of
psychological research are reported incorrectly in the media.
D) researchers attempt to understand a
different culture from their own culture’s framework.
6 One aspect
of the moral context of scientific activity concerns the fact that
A) science is
flawed because it is a human activity.
B) pressures to
produce research reports may lead to scientific misconduct.
C) scientists
who employ humans and animals as subjects frequently face ethical dilemmas.
D) all of the above.
Chapter 2 Research Designs
2
In an independent groups design, a separate
group of people serves as the control group. In the repeated measures design,
A)
there is
no control.
B) participants
serve as their own controls.
C) all
participants participate in one condition of the experiment.
D) test-retest
reliability is the main goal of the research.
2 Researchers
may choose to use a repeated measures design when
A) they have too
many participants who want to participate in the research.
B) they wish to
examine participants’ behavior at one point in time.
C) the
experimental conditions take a long time to implement.
D) they expect the effect of the
independent variable to be small.
3 A sensitive
experiment is one that
A) has several
conditions of the independent variable.
B) examines
individual differences variables.
C) can detect even a small effect of an
independent variable.
D) has a great
deal of error variation.
4 The critical
difference between a repeated measures design experiment and a longitudinal
survey design is that
A) an independent variable is manipulated
in the repeated measures design.
B) an
independent variable is manipulated in the longitudinal survey design.
C) the research
goal of the repeated measures design is to establish test-retest reliability.
D) a correlation
coefficient is the main statistical test in the repeated measures design.
5 The general
term to describe changes people undergo with repeated testing in repeated
measures designs is
A) anticipation
effects.
B) counterbalancing.
C) practice effects.
D) differential
transfer.
6 A researcher
compares students’ performance using a new learning strategy to their
performance using the old strategy. Students’ performance is first tested with
the old strategy, followed by the new strategy. The results indicate that
students perform better with the new strategy. These results
A) indicate that
teachers should use the new strategy.
B) are uninterpretable due to the
confounding with practice effects.
C) the order of
the two learning strategies does not matter.
D) all of the
above
7 In the
complete repeated measures design individuals participate in each condition of
the experiment _________ once, and in the incomplete repeated measures design
individuals participate in each condition __________ once.
A) more than, only
B) only, more
than
C) more than,
more than
D) only, only
8 Which of the
following counterbalancing techniques should be used when participants
experience all eight brief conditions of an independent variable 10 times each?
A) ABBA
counterbalancing
B) all possible
orders
C) selected orders
(e.g., Latin Square)
D) block randomization
9 Suppose a
researcher uses the following selected orders in an incomplete repeated
measures design with four experimental conditions (A, B, C, D). Which
counterbalancing strategy has the researcher selected?
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
B A C D
A D B C
D C A B
C B D A
A) all possible
orders
B) Latin Square
C) ABBA
counterbalancing
D) block
randomization
10 The most
serious problem in any repeated measures design is
A) nonlinear
practice effects.
B) error
variation.
C) individual
differences among participants.
D) differential transfer.
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