1. Which of the following civilizations developed earliest?
a. Norte Chico
b. Indus Valley
c. Olmec
d. Chinese
The answer is a. The Norte Chico civilization developed
between 3500 and 3000 B.C.E. (See section “A Map of Time” in your textbook.)
2. Which of the following is true of the emergence of
civilizations on earth?
a. Civilization
developed in Mesopotamia, the “cradle of civilization,” and spread from there
by diffusion.
b. Civilization
developed independently in two places, the Andes and Mesopotamia, and spread
from those locations.
c. Civilization
developed independently in seven major locations around the world.
d. All human cultures
are civilized, and it is old-fashioned and prejudiced to say that some are not.
The answer is c. The seven major “cradles of civilization”
were Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, the Indus Valley, Central Asia, Mexico, and the
Andes. (See section “Something New: The Emergence of Civilizations” in your
textbook.)
3. What modern state occupies the territory that was once
Sumer?
a. Iran
b. Pakistan
c. Ethiopia
d. Iraq
The answer is d. Thanks to the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers,
the territory that is now Iraq gave rise to a number of civilizations, the
first of which was Sumer. (See section “Introducing the First Civilizations” in
your textbook.)
4. The three earliest civilizations, all developing between
3500 and 3000 B.C.E., were Sumer, Egypt, and
a. Indus Valley.
b. Norte Chico.
c. China.
d. Olmec.
The answer is b. Norte Chico was one of the three earliest
civilizations, developing along the coast of Peru between 3000 and 1800 B.C.E.
(See section “Introducing the First Civilizations” in your textbook.)
5. Which civilization produced the world’s earliest written
language?
a. Sumerian
b. Indus Valley
c. Egyptian
d. Norte Chico
The answer is a. Sumerians created the world’s first written
language, using it at first to record offerings to temples. (See section
“Introducing the First Civilizations” in your textbook.)
6. Which early civilization may have housed a sophisticated
civilization without developing a political hierarchy or centralized state?
a. Egypt
b. Sumer
c. Indus Valley
d. China
The answer is c. The possibility that the Indus Valley
created a sophisticated civilization without a state has fascinated scholars.
(See section “Introducing the First Civilizations” in your textbook.)
7. What is the Mandate of Heaven?
a. An Indian belief
that the gods created humans and organized them into castes
b. A Chinese ideology
that the monarch is an intermediary between heaven and earth and has divine
favor as long as he rules benevolently
c. An Egyptian belief
that the ruler was the son of a god
d. A Mesopotamian
ideology that the monarch is an intermediary between heaven and earth and has
divine favor as long as he rules benevolently
The answer is b. The Mandate of Heaven is a uniquely Chinese
ideology, elevating the ruler but at the same time making him or her socially
responsible. (See section “Introducing the First Civilizations” in your
textbook.)
8. Which was the latest of the seven First Civilizations?
a. Indus Valley
b. Sumer
c. Central Asian
d. Olmec
The answer is d. The Olmec civilization of Mexico only
developed around 1200 B.C.E., making it the latest of the independently
developing First Civilizations. (See section “Introducing the First
Civilizations” in your textbook.)
9. Why did civilizations first emerge so late in human
history?
a. Only agricultural
societies can support large populations and sustain specialized or elite
minorities.
b. Tools that made it
possible to construct cities only developed in c. 3500 B.C.E.
c. Human brains were
not large enough for abstract, civilized thought until about 3500 B.C.E.
d. Only weather
improvements after the end of the Ice Age made civilization possible.
The answer is a. Civilizations had their roots in the Agricultural
Revolution, because civilized societies are not possible without significant
food surpluses. (See section “The Question of Origins” in your textbook.)
10. What is a ziggurat?
a. The tomb of an
Egyptian king
b. A stepped pyramid
topped with a temple
c. A ceremonial bath
d. A great
carved-stone head
The answer is b. Ziggurats, distinctive features of early
Mesopotamian cities, were stepped pyramids topped with a temple. (See section
“An Urban Revolution” in your textbook.)
11. Which of the following was a city of the Indus Valley
civilization?
a. Uruk
b. Teotihuacán.
c. Harappa
d. Babylon
The answer is c. The Indus Valley civilization is sometimes
known as the “Harappan civilization” after Harappa, a major city of this
culture. (See section “An Urban Revolution” in your textbook.)
12. Which class made up a large majority of the population
in all of the First Civilizations?
a. Slaves
b. Free commoners
c. Priests
d. Artisans
The answer is b. Free commoners, including artisans,
soldiers, and farmers, formed the vast majority of all early civilized
populations. (See section “Hierarchies of Class” in your textbook.)
13. Which of the following statements is true of women in
early civilizations?
a. They gained
greater equality with men as cities offered them new public roles.
b. They did not work
outside the home.
c. Although not
usually involved in public life, they continued to rule their families.
d. Men claimed the
right to regulate the social and sexual lives of the women of their families.
The answer is d. Early civilizations were patriarchal, the
men of the family claiming sweeping rights over their womenfolk. (See section
“Hierarchies of Gender” in your textbook.)
14. Which of the First Civilizations provided the most
opportunities to women?
a. Mesopotamia
b. China
c. Egypt
d. Norte Chico
The answer is c. In Egypt, women were recognized as legal
equals to men and sometimes held significant political power. (See section
“Patriarchy in Practice” in your textbook.)
15. Which of the following means of authority was available
to the states of the First Civilizations that was not available to earlier
chiefdoms?
a. Violence
b. Persuasion
c. Prestige
d. Gifts
The answer is a. The right to use violence marked off the
first states from earlier chiefdoms. (See section “Coercion and Consent” in
your textbook.)
16. Kings in which early state were known as “Son of
Heaven”?
a. Egypt
b. Sumer
c. Nubia
d. China
The answer is d. Ancient kings in China were known as the
Son of Heaven. (See section “Coercion and Consent” in your textbook.)
17. Which of the following statements is true of literacy in
the First Civilizations?
a. It spread rapidly
to most of the population.
b. It gave enormous
prestige to those who could read and write.
c. It developed in
only two of the First Civilizations.
d. It was used only
to keep records, not to produce literature.
The answer is b. Literacy defined elite status and gave
enormous prestige. (See section “Coercion and Consent” in your textbook.)
18. Which of the following statements is true about ancient
Mesopotamia?
a. Its agriculture
was based on the predictable annual rise of its rivers.
b. It was much more
vulnerable to invasion than Egypt.
c. Its people had a
cheerful, hopeful outlook on the world.
d. Its people
believed in a happy afterlife.
The answer is b. Mesopotamia was an open environment without
serious obstacles, so it was much more open to attack than Egypt. (See section
“Environment and Culture” in your textbook.)
19. What is the “Old Kingdom”?
a. The earliest
Sumerian state, based on the city of Ur
b. The Shang dynasty
in China
c. The period of
Egyptian history between 2663 and 2195 B.C.E.
d. The first
civilization in Babylon
The answer is c. Modern historians have divided ancient
Egyptian history into Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms, with Intermediary Periods
between them. (See section “Environment and Culture” in your textbook.)
20. The Mesopotamian epic hero who went on a quest for
eternal life was
a. Enheduanna.
b. Gilgamesh.
c. Enkidu.
d. Sargon.
The answer is b. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a great
Mesopotamian classic that describes its hero’s failed quest for eternal life.
(See section “Environment and Culture” in your textbook.)
21. Which of the following ruled Mesopotamia at some point
in ancient history?
a. Egyptians
b. Scythians
c. Israelites
d. Babylonians
The answer is d. The Babylonians ruled Mesopotamia between
about 1900 and 1500 B.C.E. (See section “Cities and States” in your textbook.)
22. Which First Civilization was the “gift of the Nile”?
a. Egypt
b. Mesopotamia
c. Indus Valley
d. China
The answer is a. Ancient Egypt was utterly dependent on the
regular annual rising of the Nile. (See section “Environment and Culture” in
your textbook.)
23. Which of the following statements is true of
long-distance trade in both Egypt and Mesopotamia?
a. It dealt primarily
in staple foods like grain.
b. It was almost
completely local, dealing in goods that could be found no more than 50 miles
away.
c. It dealt mostly in
luxury goods for the elite.
d. They traded
exclusively with each other.
The answer is c. Small, precious items were by far the most
profitable trade goods for merchants, and they dominated trade in both
Mesopotamia and Egypt. (See section “Interaction and Exchange” in your
textbook.)
24. Which early civilization invented alphabetic writing,
developing it from Sumerian cuneiform?
a. The Romans
b. The Nubians
c. The Akkadians
d. The Phoenicians
The answer is d. The Phoenicians adapted Sumerian cuneiform
into an alphabetic writing system, besides adopting many other elements of
Mesopotamian civilization. (See section “Interaction and Exchange” in your
textbook.)
25. Which people first domesticated the horse?
a. The Indo-Europeans
b. The Phoenicians
c. The Babylonians
d. The Egyptians
The answer is a. Indo-Europeans, pastoral peoples living in
what is now southern Russia, domesticated the horse by about 4000 B.C.E. (See
section “Interaction and Exchange” in your textbook.)
26. This early collection of laws lays down punishment for
crimes based on the social rank of the offender and the victim.
a. The
Seventeen-Article Constitution
b. Deuteronomy
c. The Code of
Hammurabi
d. The Laws of Manu
The answer is c. Compiled by order of King Hammurabi of
Babylon in the eighteenth century B.C.E., the Code of Hammurabi is a collection
of laws that strongly defines both crime and punishment in terms of social
class. (See section “Hierarchies of Class” in your textbook.)
27. Which of the following is necessary for a society to be
defined as a “civilization” in the traditional scholarly sense?
a. A written language
b. Defensive walls
c. Cities
d. Grain-based
farming
The answer is c. The very word “civilization” comes from the
Latin civitas, a city. The population concentration of cities leads to the
specialization and hierarchy that defines civilization. (See section “An Urban
Revolution” in your textbook.)
28. Scholars have found evidence for which of the following
as an important factor in the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization?
a. Salinization
caused by repeated irrigation
b. Foreign invasion
and conquest
c. Epidemic disease
d. Civil war
The answer is a. Salinization, the build-up of salt and
other minerals in cultivated soil, is a danger in all lands that rely on
irrigation. Scholars believe it was a factor in the abandonment of the Indus
Valley civilization. (See section “Introducing the First Civilizations” in your
textbook.)
29. This early civilization of the Americas made a number of
lasting contributions to later Mesoamerican civilizations, including ritual
sacrifice, sacrificial bloodletting by rulers, and a game played with a rubber
ball.
a. Norte Chico
b. Veracruz
c. Olmec
d. Maya
The answer is c. The Olmec can be regarded as the “mother
civilization” for Mesoamerica, providing many features that continued to be
part of succeeding civilizations for millennia. (See section “Introducing the
First Civilizations” in your textbook.)
30. Probably the least developed of the methods of writing
developed in the First Civilizations in terms of ability to express all human
thought, this writing system consisted of a complex system of knotted cords
that recorded mostly numerical data, but may also have been used to record
words and ideas.
a. Cuneiform
b. Hieroglyphs
c. Indus Valley
script
d. Quipu
The answer is d. A quipu is a series of knotted cords, later
used in the Andes for accounting; the discovery of a quipu in Norte Chico
suggests that this civilization had a least the beginnings of literacy. (See
section “Introducing the First Civilizations” in your textbook.)
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