1. About how long ago did Homo sapiens appear?
a. About 25,000 years
ago
b. About 100,000
years ago
c. About 250,000
years ago
d. About 45,000 years
ago
The answer is c. The first evidence of Homo sapiens in
Africa dates to about 250,000 BP. (See section “A Map of Time” in your
textbook.)
2. What was the Neolithic Revolution?
a. A turning point in
human history when Homo sapiens began making stone tools
b. A turning point in
human history when Homo sapiens began to gather together in large chiefdoms
that fought each other
c. The invention of
writing, making it possible for us to know about the past
d. A turning point in
human history when Homo sapiens started the deliberate cultivation of plants
and domestication of animals
The answer is d. The Neolithic Revolution was a turning
point in human history when Homo sapiens started the deliberate cultivation of
plants and domestication of animals. (See the chapter introduction in your
textbook.)
3. Where did Homo sapiens first emerge?
a. Africa
b. Asia
c. Europe
d. South America
The answer is a. Homo sapiens first appeared in Africa
200,000 to 250,000 years ago. (See section “Out of Africa to the Ends of the
Earth: First Migrations” in your textbook.)
4. What is the name given to Paleolithic figurines that
depict the female form, often with exaggerated sexual features?
a. Athena figurines
b. Venus figurines
c. Ishtar figurines
d. Aphrodite
figurines
The answer is b. Named for the Roman goddess of love, Venus
figurines, which depict the female form with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, and
hips, have been found throughout Eurasia. (See section “Out of Africa to the
Ends of the Earth: First Migrations” in your textbook.)
5. Which gathering and hunting society developed the complex
world view known as Dreamtime, which holds that everything in the natural world
is simply a vibration of ancient happenings?
a. Native Americans
b. The Maori of New
Zealand
c. The Australian
Aboriginals
d. The Igbo of Africa
The answer is c. Australian Aboriginals were particularly
striking for their combination of technological simplicity and the complex
outlook on the world known as Dreamtime. (See section “Out of Africa to the
Ends of the Earth: First Migrations” in your textbook.)
6. In what part of the world did Clovis culture flourish
about 13,000 years ago?
a. South America
b. North America
c. Europe
d. The Middle East
The answer is b. Evidence of Clovis people has been found
all over North America. (See section “Out of Africa to the Ends of the Earth:
First Migrations” in your textbook.)
7. Which is the last region of the world to which humans
migrated?
a. South America
b. Siberia
c. Asia
d. The Pacific
islands
The answer is d. The Pacific islands were the last habitable
part of the earth to which humans migrated, starting only about 3500 years ago.
(See section “Into the Pacific” in your textbook.)
8. In humankind’s first settling of the earth, which is the
only region where the migrants were already agriculturalists?
a. South America
b. Europe
c. The Pacific
islands
d. Australia
The answer is c. The first migration to the Pacific islands
occurred so late in human history that the people who took part already had
agricultural technology and brought it with them to their new homes. (See
section “Into the Pacific” in your textbook.)
9. Which of the following best describes Paleolithic
societies?
a. They were small,
consisting of bands of 25 to 50 people.
b. They lived in
small villages, numbering 100 to 200 people.
c. They were highly
stratified societies.
d. They were
dominated by men.
The answer is a. Paleolithic societies consisted of bands of
only 25 to 50 people because their level of technology only permitted a very
low population density. (See section “The First Human Societies” in your
textbook.)
10. Which of the following was a rule of Paleolithic
societies?
a. Killing of other
members of the band was utterly forbidden.
b. Once a leader
gained power, he held it until he was killed.
c. There was a
gender-based division of labor, with women as gatherers and men as hunters.
d. The first to reach
a territory was free to gather or hunt food there.
The answer is c. Very few ancient societies accepted women
as hunters. (See section “The First Human Societies” in your textbook.)
11. Which of the following statements is true of Paleolithic
societies’ relationship with the environment?
a. Paleolithic
societies had a significant impact on the environment.
b. Their numbers were
so small and their needs so few that they had very little impact on the
environment.
c. Paleolithic
societies utterly transformed the environment in which they lived.
d. Paleolithic
agriculture caused significant soil erosion.
The answer is a. Despite their small numbers, evidence
suggests that Paleolithic peoples rapidly hunted some animals to extinction and
controlled their environment by deliberately setting fires. (See section
“Economy and the Environment” in your textbook.)
12. Which of the following was a reason why some Paleolithic
societies were able to settle in permanent villages?
a. The organization
of teams of long-distance gatherers who could efficiently bring supplies to
settled peoples
b. The end of the Ice
Age, which improved conditions for hunting and gathering
c. Decline in numbers
after an enormous volcanic eruption, so surviving peoples could gather and hunt
in a small area without exhausting resources
d. The development of
agriculture
The answer is b. The end of the Ice Age, which improved
conditions for hunting and gathering, enabled some Paleolithic societies to
settle in permanent villages. (See section “Settling Down: The Great
Transition” in your textbook.)
13. Which site has been dubbed the “world’s oldest temple”?
a. Jericho
b. Catalhüyük
c. Stonehenge
d. Göbekli Tepe
The answer is d. Göbekli Tepe in southeastern Turkey is an
elaborate ritual site that dates to 11,600 BP, making it the oldest known
religious complex. (See section “Settling Down: The Great Transition” in your
textbook.)
14. Which of the following statements is true of the
Neolithic Revolution?
a. It led to
population decline, as newly settled peoples fell prey to new diseases.
b. It led to a new
mutual dependence between humans and the plants and animals they domesticated.
c. Little changed in
the plants and animals that were domesticated.
d. Humans continued
to depend on gathering and hunting for thousands of years after their societies
had adopted agriculture.
The answer is b. Many domesticated plants and animals lost
the ability to survive in the wild and thus relied on humans even as humans
relied on them. (See section “Breakthroughs to Agriculture” in your textbook.)
15. Which of the following statements is true of the
Agricultural Revolution?
a. It occurred in the
Fertile Crescent and spread gradually as travelers took the newly developed
agricultural techniques to other regions.
b. It occurred in
sub-Saharan Africa and spread gradually as humans migrated to other parts of
the earth.
c. It occurred
independently in many widely scattered parts of the world.
d. It occurred in
several regions of Eurasia, but agriculture only reached the Americas when
travelers brought the new techniques with them.
The answer is c. The Agricultural Revolution developed
independently in many regions, including the Fertile Crescent, sub-Saharan
Africa, China, and Mesoamerica. (See section “Common Patterns” in your
textbook.)
16. Where was the Fertile Crescent?
a. Egypt
b. China
c. Sub-Saharan Africa
d. Southwest Asia
The answer is d. Southwest Asia, the territory that includes
the modern states of Iraq, Syria, Israel/Palestine, Jordan, and southern
Turkey, was known as the Fertile Crescent because of its early and intensive
transition to agriculture. (See section “Variations” in your textbook.)
17. Which region that experienced the Agricultural
Revolution did not have a comparable process of animal domestication?
a. The Americas
b. The Sahara
c. The Fertile
Crescent
d. China
The answer is a. Only one of the fourteen major species of
large mammals that have been domesticated lived in the Western Hemisphere, so
the early peoples of the Americas turned to agriculture without comparable
animal domestications. (See section “Variations” in your textbook.)
18. Why did the transition away from gathering and hunting
take so much longer in Mesoamerica than it did in other early agricultural
societies?
a. A highly
competitive masculine culture valued hunting long after the need for it had
passed.
b. Population was so
much smaller that there was little pressure to develop agriculture.
c. There was a lack
of domestic animals, and the process needed to make maize productive was long
and selective.
d. The land was so
bountiful that people could acquire sufficient food by gathering and hunting.
The answer is c. Mesoamerica lacked domestic animals and the
cereal grains that could easily be adapted for human use in other regions. (See
section “Variations” in your textbook.)
19. What term is used to describe the gradual spread of
agricultural techniques from the places they originated?
a. Diaspora
b. Diffusion
c. Infusion
d. Dispersion
The answer is b. Diffusion is a gradual spread, a common way
in which agricultural techniques moved to new regions. (See section “The
Globalization of Agriculture” in your textbook.)
20. In what region did the spread of Bantu languages
accompany the development of agricultural societies?
a. The Philippine and
Indonesian islands
b. Europe
c. Southern Africa
d. China
The answer is c. Bantu-speaking peoples, originating in what
is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon, took agricultural and cattle-raising
skills with them as they gradually moved eastward and southward in Africa. (See
section “Triumph and Resistance” in your textbook.)
21. Which of the following regions maintained a gathering
and hunting economy into the modern era?
a. The west coast of
North America
b. Central Africa
c. New Guinea
d. Madagascar
The answer is a. The peoples of what are now California and
the Pacific Northwest did not adopt agriculture until the modern period. (See
section “Triumph and Resistance” in your textbook.)
22. Which of the following statements best describes human
life in early farming communities?
a. Human health
rapidly improved as their new, permanent homes provided better protection from
the elements.
b. People were more
vulnerable to famine, as they relied on a small number of plants or animals.
c. Life expectancy
rapidly increased as people had access to better nutrition.
d. People were
happier.
The answer is b. Early agriculturalists ate a much smaller
range of food than their gatherer/hunter ancestors, so crop failure or drought
could be catastrophic. (See section “The Culture of Agriculture” in your
textbook.)
23. When did humans begin working with metals?
a. In the Paleolithic
Era
b. After the
Agricultural Revolution was over and large towns had begun to grow
c. In the Iron Age
d. At the time of the
Agricultural Revolution
The answer is d. Establishment of permanent communities made
it possible to acquire goods, leading to the working of gold for ornamentation
and copper, bronze, and iron for tools. (See section “The Culture of
Agriculture” in your textbook.)
24. What was the “secondary products revolution”?
a. The beginning of
trade networks in which farmers sold their surplus products to neighboring
towns
b. The invention of
recreational drinks, such as beer
c. The discovery of
effective fishing methods, making it possible to have permanent settlements
without a full-scale Agricultural Revolution
d. The finding of new
uses for domesticated animals, such as milking or riding them
The answer is d. The “secondary products revolution,” which
began in c. 4000 B.C.E. was when people began to use their domesticated animals
for milk, wool, and muscle power, rather than just for meat and hides. (See
section “The Culture of Agriculture” in your textbook.)
25. What is a pastoralist?
a. A person who
relies on domesticated animals as main source of food
b. An early farmer
c. A person who
practices a mixed agriculture that includes both plants and domesticated
animals
d. A person who keeps
cattle
The answer is a. Pastoralists, also known as nomads or
herders, domesticated animals but not plants. (See section “Pastoral Societies”
in your textbook.)
26. In which region of the earth did no early pastoral
societies emerge?
a. Central Asia
b. The Sahara
c. The Americas
d. The Arabian
Peninsula
The answer is c. Pastoralism did not develop in the Americas
because the region lacked large animals that could be domesticated. (See
section “The Culture of Agriculture” in your textbook.)
27. How were agricultural village societies usually ruled?
a. They had chiefs
who inherited their offices.
b. They had chiefs
who came to office by merit rather than inheritance.
c. They had formal
councils of elders.
d. They had a lineage
system that ran things by kinship groups rather than formal government.
The answer is d. Informal governance by kinship groups of
lineages was typical of village-based agricultural societies. (See section
“Agricultural Village Societies” in your textbook.)
28. The last Ice Age may have helped early gatherer-hunters
in which of the following ways?
a. The heavier
rainfall of the Ice Age’s weather fluctuations made it possible for them to
grow crops.
b. Ice served as an
important preservative for food, making it possible for them to settle in the
same place for extended periods.
c. The cold weather
killed off most large mammals that had been predatory on early human beings.
d. The lower sea
levels associated with the Ice Age created land bridges, allowing human beings
to travel to many regions of the earth.
The answer is d. The Ice Age opened land bridges that made
travel to regions as diverse as Alaska and England possible. (See section
“Settling Down: The Great Transition” in your textbook.)
29. Which of the following was generally true of Paleolithic
peoples?
a. Paleolithic
societies failed to innovate, stubbornly refusing to change in response to new
situations or environments.
b. Paleolithic
societies regularly relied on trade to secure items needed to survive.
c. Paleolithic
societies often developed elaborate and complex understandings of the world.
d. Paleolithic
societies were technologically complex, relying on a surprisingly wide array of
tools and weapons made from both stone and metal.
The answer is c. A prime example of Paleolithic societies’
often complex understanding of the world is the Dreamtime of Australian
Aboriginals. (See section “The Realm of the Spirit” in your textbook.)
30. The unique feature of the chiefdom (as compared to a
stateless agricultural village) that was replicated, elaborated, and assumed to
be natural in all later states and civilizations was
a. the distinction
between elite and commoner based on charisma.
b. the distinction
between elite and commoner based on achievement.
c. the distinction
between elite and commoner based on birth.
d. the distinction
between religious and secular elites.
The answer is c. The critical feature that chiefdoms passed
on to later states and civilizations was the establishment of inherited
positions of power and wealth. (See section “Chiefdoms” in your textbook.)
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