1. What is the proper chronological order of these
civilizations?
a. Tiwanaku, Hopewell, Chavín
b. Meröe, Cahokia, Axum
c. Hopewell, Tiwanaku, Cahokia
d. Axum, Meröe, Nubia
The answer is c. Interestingly, the two mound-building
cultures of Hopewell and Cahokia were considerably separated in time, with the
flourishing of Tiwanaku falling between them.
2. The population of the world at the beginning of the
Common Era was about
a. 1 billion.
b. 100 million.
c. 500 million.
d. 250 million.
Incorrect. The answer is d. The world’s population at the
beginning of the Common Era was about 250 million.
3. Which of the following statements best describes African
contact with Eurasia in the period 500 B.C.E.–1200 C.E.?
a. Thanks to the Mediterranean Sea, at least northern Africa
had frequent contact with Europe, but Africans had little contact with Asia.
b. Africa had frequent interaction with both Europe and
Asia.
c. Africa had frequent contact with Asia via the Indian Ocean,
but rarely interacted with Europe.
d. Africa rarely interacted with Eurasia before the early
modern period.
The answer is b. Africa had frequent interaction with Asia
via the Indian Ocean and with Europe via the Mediterranean.
4. Which of the following statements best describes the
sense of common African culture in pre-modern times?
a. East Africa had a sense of common identity, thanks to its
common culture of Indian Ocean trade, but it did not include other parts of
Africa.
b. Sub-Saharan Africa had a sense of common identity created
by sharing a common Bantu language, but it did not include North Africa.
c. There was no common identity among the people of the
continent as Africans.
d. North Africans had a sense of common culture, united by
Islam and their Berber heritage.
The answer is c. Pre-modern Africa was a geographic concept,
not a cultural identity.
5. Which of the following statements is generally true of
African climate and agriculture, compared to Eurasia?
a. Africa’s climate is mostly temperate, creating growing
conditions similar to those in Eurasia.
b. Africa’s climate is mostly tropical, making the soil
poorer and less fertile.
c. Africa’s climate is mostly tropical, making soil richer.
d. Africa’s climate is tropical, but its richer soils
compensated agriculturally until the modern era.
The answer is b. The poorer and less fertile soil of much of
Africa is attributed to the continent’s tropical climate, which causes rapid
decomposition of humus.
6. Where was the civilization of Meröe?
a. In the upper Nile Valley
b. Along the Niger River
c. In the northeastern part of North America
d. In the high Andes
The answer is a. Meröe was in the upper Nile valley, where
it replaced the Nubian civilization.
7. Unlike most civilizations, this kingdom had a substantial
number of female rulers who appear to have held equal power and prominence to
their male counterparts.
a. Chavín
b. Pueblo
c. Maya
d. Meröe
The answer is d. Meröe had at least ten female rulers, who
had power and prominence comparable to their male counterparts.
8. Christianity was firmly established in this African state
in the fourth century.
a. Meröe
b. Axum
c. Niger Valley
d. Benin
The answer is b. Axum was introduced to Christianity early
in the fourth century through its connections to Red Sea trade and Egypt, and
the new religion quickly took root.
9. Which of the following statements best describes the
civilization of the middle Niger River?
a. Cities formed in the region, but without corresponding
state structures.
b. A complex society formed, but without significant
urbanization.
c. A number of independent city-states developed, each ruled
by a king.
d. The peoples of the Niger Valley were gathered together
over time into a single unified state.
The answer is a. The Niger Valley civilization is a rare
example of urbanization with the creation of state structures.
10. Which of the following was an important reason for the
decline of Meröe?
a. The kingdom suffered a massive drought that led to
large-scale famine.
b. Meröe was conquered by Egypt.
c. The kingdom suffered severe deforestation because so much
wood was used to smelt iron.
d. Meröe failed to adopt the iron culture of its neighbors
and thus could not compete economically.
The answer is c. Large-scale iron work led to severe
deforestation as wood was used for charcoal in the smelting process.
11. Jenne-jeno was a major center of which civilization?
a. Axum
b. Pueblo
c. Maya
d. Niger Valley
The answer is d. Jenne-jeno is the most-studied urban
cluster of the Niger Valley civilization; at its height, it probably had a
population of more than 40,000.
12. Which of the following statements is true of iron
working in sub-Saharan Africa?
a. Iron technology was not known in sub-Saharan Africa until
it was introduced after 1000 C.E. by Muslim traders.
b. Iron-working technology was widespread in sub-Saharan
Africa, especially the Niger Valley civilization.
c. Sub-Saharan Africa imported iron but did not have the
technology to work it for themselves.
d. Some regions of sub-Saharan Africa knew how to work iron,
but their production was on a very small scale.
Correct. The answer is b. Iron smithing was an early and
prestigious occupation in the cities of the Niger Valley civilization.
13. Which of the following statements accurately describes
the Mayan civilization?
a. Mayan civilization developed over a long period in
Mesoamerica.
b. Mayan civilization only reached a limited area in what is
now Guatemala.
c. Mayan civilization remained rather simple, without
significant urbanization.
d. The Mayan people of the classical era were preliterate.
The answer is a. A distinctive Mayan civilization began to
develop as early as 2000 B.C.E. and continued until about 900 C.E.
14. What do scholars regard as the leading reason for the
collapse of much of Maya civilization in the ninth century C.E.?
a. Invasion by their northern neighbors, the Aztecs
b. Catastrophic flooding
c. Soil exhaustion after centuries of extensive agriculture
d. A long-term drought
Incorrect. The answer is d. A long-term drought that began
in 840 led the population in the Maya heartland to drop 85 percent or more.
15. Which of the following statements best describes
Teotihuacán?
a. Teotihuacán was the most important urban center of the
Mayan civilization.
b. Teotihuacán was a major center of the Hopewell Culture.
c. Teotihuacán was a Mesoamerican city but not part of Maya
civilization.
d. Teotihuacán was the center of a major Andean urban
network.
The answer is c. Teotihuacán was north of Maya civilization,
growing up in the Valley of Mexico.
16. This city had streets laid out in a grid pattern and a
large ritual center where archaeologists have found evidence of human
sacrifice.
a. Tikal
b. Teotihuacán
c. Tiwanaku
d. Cahokia
Correct. The answer is b. Teotihuacán was impressive in its
layout, with streets in a grid pattern and a major ritual center;
archaeologists have discovered evidence of large-scale human sacrifice.
17. Which region produced the Chavín culture?
a. Andes
b. East Africa
c. Mesoamerica
d. Niger Valley
Incorrect. The answer is a. A village in the Andean
highlands, Chavín de Huántar, was the focus of the Chavín religious movement.
18. Which statement best describes the Chavín Phenomenon?
a. It was an imperial system.
b. It was a federation of Andean cities.
c. It was a religious movement that was spread forcibly by
conquest.
d. It was a religious movement that did not include
political control.
The answer is d. Chavín produced a unique religious movement
that was popular across much of Peru, but it did not create an empire.
19. Which of the following American states was governed by
warrior-priests?
a. Chavín
b. Pueblo
c. Moche
d. Maya
The answer is c. The Moche state of northern Peru was
governed by warrior-priests.
20. Wari and what other state flourished in the Andes in the
period 400–1000 C.E.?
a. Tiwanaku
b. Teotihuacán
c. Timbuktu
d. Tikal
The answer is a. Tiwanaku flourished in the southern
highlands of the Andes, Wari in the north at the same period.
21. Which of the following was a feature of the Wari state?
a. Elaborately fitted stone walls and buildings
b. A network of roads linking cities to the capital
c. Agriculture using the raised field system
d. A common culture with the state of Tiwanaku
The answer is b. The Wari road system, linking cities to the
capital, is taken as evidence of a tightly controlled political system.
22. Which of the following statements best describes the
movement of Bantu-speaking peoples in sub-Saharan Africa?
a. People moved over the period of about one century.
b. It involved the movement mostly of traders, who gradually
had a cultural impact on the regions they reached.
c. The Bantu-speaking peoples expanded by conquering new
territories and establishing states.
d. People moved gradually to new regions over many
centuries.
The answer is d. The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples in
sub-Saharan Africa was a centuries-long process.
23. What impact did the Bantu peoples have on the gathering
and hunting societies of Africa?
a. The Bantu were gatherers and hunters who only gradually
converted to farming.
b. The Bantu had little significant impact on gatherers and
hunters, because the two lifestyles operated in different geographical regions.
c. The Bantu gradually displaced gathering and hunting
societies or converted them to an agricultural way of life.
d. The Bantu in their migrations attacked and defeated the
gatherer-hunter societies they found.
The answer is c. The interaction of the Bantu with gatherers
and hunters was part of the global phenomenon that replaced foraging societies
with farmers.
24. What were Batwa?
a. Bantu-speaking peoples who settled in East Africa
b. Foraging people who lived in the rain forest region of
Central Africa
c. Ritual ball courts in Mesoamerica
d. Raised beds for agriculture in the Andes
The answer is b. The Batwa (Pygmy) people were one of the
few gatherer-hunter societies not displaced or absorbed by the Bantu, although
they adopted elements of Bantu culture.
25. What is “gender parallelism”?
a. A “separate but equal” definition of gender roles
b. A system in which men and women live separately, married
couples only coming together occasionally
c. A gender system in which women carry on trades for women,
and men for men
d. A gender system that strictly subordinates women to men
The answer is a. The gender parallelism that was common in
south-central Africa associated women with village life and men with hunting
and forest life, but regarded both of equal importance.
26. Which of the following best describes Bantu religious
practice in the period before 1500 C.E.?
a. Bantu believed in a pantheon of gods, including three
great gods who managed human affairs.
b. Bantu believed that a Creator God continued to oversee
human daily life.
c. Bantu believed in two gods, a god of good and a god of
evil, who fought for control of the cosmos.
d. Bantu believed there was a Creator God, but that he was
remote and uninvolved in ordinary life.
The answer is d. The Bantu focused on ancestral or nature
spirits, because they believed the Creator God was remote and uninvolved in
human existence.
27. Which of the following statements best describes the
peoples who inhabited the eastern woodlands of what is now the United States?
a. They were semi-sedentary, practicing light agriculture
and building mounds that served as ritual centers.
b. They were gatherers and hunters.
c. They practiced intensive agriculture, especially of corn
and squash.
d. They formed a significant urban civilization.
The answer is a. The mound-building cultures of the eastern
woodlands practiced agriculture, but not intensively, and are regarded as
“semi-sedentary.”
28. This society only gradually created permanent village
life as agriculture was adapted to their desert environment and lived at first
in pit houses that gradually grew into larger settlements.
a. Mound Builders
b. Niger Valley Civilization
c. Ancestral Pueblo
d. Batwa
The answer is c. The Ancestral Pueblo only gradually adapted
agriculture to the needs of their society; they lived at first in pit houses
and gradually developed aboveground structures known as pueblos. (See section
“The Ancestral Pueblo: Pit Houses and Great Houses” in your textbook.)
29. Which society produced an elaborate and mysterious road
system consisting of hundreds of miles of roads radiating out from their center
that seemed unnecessary for trade or travel?
a. Ancestral Pueblo
b. Mound Builders
c. Bantu
d. Wari
The answer is a. The roads of the Chaco Phenomenon are the
biggest mystery of Ancestral Pueblo life; the roads are extensive and some very
wide, but they seem to have served no practical purpose.
30. What was the dominant center of the Mississippi Valley
Mound Builder culture?
a. Hopewell
b. Tiwanaku
c. Chaco
d. Cahokia
The answer is d. Cahokia, near present-day St. Louis,
Missouri, was the dominant center of the Mississippi Mound Builder culture.
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