1. The first English monarch to seriously consider
supporting colonists in Spanish North America was
a. King James I.
b. Queen Elizabeth I.
c. King Philip II.
d. Emperor Charles V.
The answer is a. James I’s royal charter to the Virginia
Company of six million acres was essentially a license to poach land already
claimed by the Spanish.
2. The Virginia Company was a
a. group of settlers.
b. bank.
c. tobacco-importing
firm.
d. joint-stock
company.
The answer is d. The Virginia Company consisted of investors
who pooled their capital and got permission from the king to establish a North
American colony. The company’s investors hoped that colonists would produce
salable commodities and provide a quick return on their initial investment.
3. In March of 1622, an all-out assault on English settlers
in Virginia was organized by
a. Opechancanough.
b. Powhatan.
c. the Spanish army.
d. Thomas Rolfe.
4. The 1622 uprising by the Algonquians against English
settlers in Virginia prompted
a. most of the
remaining settlers to leave Virginia.
b. the Virginia
Company to invest more money in the settlement.
c. the Virginia
Company to improve its management practices.
d. a royal
investigation of affairs in Virginia.
The answer is d. King James wanted to ensure that nothing
interfered with profits from the colonies. He was appalled to learn that the
mortality rate among colonists was more the product of disease and
mismanagement than of Indian raids, and in 1624 revoked the Virginia Company’s
charter and made Virginia a royal colony.
5. In 1612, John Rolfe
a. married
Pocahontas.
b. planted West
Indian tobacco seeds in Virginia for the first time.
c. saved Jamestown
from extinction by trading for corn with Indians upriver.
d. was captured by
Powhatan.
The answer is b. Although growing tobacco had not been among
the many money-making schemes the Virginia Company had devised, John Rolfe’s
successful experiment showed that tobacco could flourish in Virginia. It became
the major source of income for the company and the colonists.
6. An exhausting crop to maintain, tobacco had English
settlers in the Chesapeake working hard in their tobacco fields because
a. they were bored.
b. the financial
returns on a successful crop were significant and much higher than agricultural
wages in England.
c. investors exerted
great pressure on the farmers in expectation of quick profits.
d. they were forced
to because of the high taxes levied by the king.
The answer is b. Tobacco demanded close attention and hard
labor year-round. Yet, colonists were willing to undertake the work because
they could earn a great deal more in the Chesapeake than in England, and land
was so abundant that it was fairly cheap.
7. The seventeenth-century Chesapeake was fundamentally a
society of
a. servants.
b. slaves.
c. free farmers.
d. aristocrats.
The answer is a. Although the South was eventually
associated with slavery, in the seventeenth century most labor was provided by
indentured servants. Slaves were still too expensive, and although the
Chesapeake offered high wages and cheap land, most ordinary English people did
not have the financial resources to migrate without help. Indentured servitude
was a means by which English citizens could make their way to the New World.
8. Female servants were prohibited from
a. working in the
fields.
b. working while
pregnant.
c. marrying.
d. owning land.
The answer is c. It was assumed that a servant woman could
not serve two masters at the same time: one who was her husband and one who
owned her indentured labor. Sometimes, however, a prospective husband could
purchase his intended’s indenture, then free and marry her.
9. Until the middle of the seventeenth century, the
principal social division in the Chesapeake was between
a. servants and
slaves.
b. rich and poor
planters.
c. free farmers and
indentured servants.
d. the English and
the Indians.
The answer is c. The difficulty of life in the Chesapeake
meant that few people got rich quickly. The daily lives of most colonists were
quite similar; the differences lay in their legal and economic status.
10. The Indian uprising of 1644, in which about five hundred
colonists were killed in two days, was led by
a. Opechancanough.
b. Powhatan.
c. Pocahontas.
d. Montezuma.
The answer is a. Powhatan’s brother, Opechancanough, led two
assaults on white colonists in the Chesapeake—one in 1622 and another in 1644.
Two years of fighting followed the second Indian uprising, ending finally in
the capture and murder of Opechancanough.
11. The treaty drawn up at the end of the war begun by the
Indian uprising of 1644 decreed that Indians had to relinquish all claims to
land
a. in Virginia.
b. already settled by
the English.
c. along the Atlantic
coast.
d. once ruled by
Powhatan.
The answer is b. Wilderness land beyond English settlement
was reserved exclusively for Indian use. However, with expanding colonial
populations, many poor, recently freed servants pushed beyond the treaty limits
of English settlement and encroached steadily on Indian land.
12. During the 1660s and 1670s, violence between settlers
and Indians increased because
a. Indians wanted to
regain their old land.
b. the local
government encouraged it.
c. settlers were
encroaching on Indian land.
d. the king wanted to
control more territory.
The answer is c. As more servants survived their indentures,
land grew scarce and more expensive. To obtain their own farms, former servants
defied the Virginia government and moved into areas that were supposedly
reserved exclusively for Indian use.
13. In the seventeenth century, Spain’s colonies in New
Mexico and Florida
a. thrived.
b. did not yet exist.
c. stagnated.
d. were the sites of
battles between Spain and England.
The answer is c. New Mexico and Florida attracted few
settlers and generated little wealth. However, Spain did send enough soldiers,
missionaries, and supplies to maintain its presence in these colonies.
14. The colonies in New Mexico and Florida required
expensive subsidies from Spain because
a. English raiders
depleted settlers’ wealth.
b. local farmers needed
to pay high wages to their Indian laborers.
c. the settlers
needed to purchase large numbers of African slaves.
d. the colonies
generated little income of their own.
The answer is d. The colonies lacked the mineral and
agricultural resources that made other New World colonies prosperous, and thus
they attracted few settlers. To maintain them, Spain had to send supplies to
the missionaries and soldiers who dominated these colonies.
15. Missionaries to Florida and New Mexico wanted to
a. convert Indians
not only to Christianity but also to the ways of Spanish culture.
b. convert Indians to
Christianity, but they otherwise respected Indian customs.
c. stop the
exploitation of Indians by Spanish soldiers.
d. combat the
missionary efforts of English Protestants.
The answer is a. Missionaries wanted not only to eradicate
Native American religion, which they believed was sinful, but also to change
the cultural habits of native peoples, which they considered barbaric.
16. In New Mexico’s Pueblo Revolt of 1680, Popé and his
followers
a. were suppressed by
Spanish soldiers who executed Popé and other leaders.
b. joined with
Spanish farmers in destroying the symbols of Catholic religion.
c. destroyed the
symbols of Catholic religion and temporarily ended Spanish rule.
d. demanded and won
political representation in colonial government.
The answer is c. Popé led the Pueblo Indians in killing
two-thirds of New Mexico’s Spanish missionaries, and although the Spanish
returned later in the century, the Pueblo Revolt succeeded in temporarily
driving the Spanish out of New Mexico.
17. In the seventeenth century, the most profitable part of
the British New World empire was located in
a. Virginia.
b. Maryland.
c. the Caribbean.
d. Newfoundland.
The answer is c. Colonized Caribbean islands, particularly
Barbados, developed profitable sugar plantations. Sugar commanded high prices
in England, and Caribbean planters were able to grow a lot of it.
18. By 1700, three-quarters of the population of Barbados
consisted of
a. black slaves.
b. white servants.
c. free white
farmers.
d. Indians.
The answer is a. Beginning in the 1640s, Barbadian planters
purchased thousands of slaves to plant and harvest their crops. The deadly
nature of work on sugar plantations meant that the slave population did not
grow by natural increase but by the importation of slaves from Africa.
19. The slave labor system polarized Chesapeake society
along the lines of
a. slave-owning
status.
b. wealth.
c. race.
d. education.
The answer is c. All slaves were black, and nearly every
black person was a slave. All whites enjoyed certain privileges, regardless of
their wealth.
20. In contrast to slaves in Barbados, slaves in the
seventeenth-century Chesapeake
a. had to work hard.
b. were constantly
under white surveillance.
c. did not suffer
mistreatment.
d. were permitted to
keep their children.
The correct answer is b.
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